@hanno the quick and dirty way to do it if your laptop and phone are on the same network is to run python3 -m http.server in the directory with the files you want to share. add the port number at the end of that line if necessary (it defaults to port 8000).

something i installed recently but haven't used yet is destiny. the android app is both on the play store and on f-droid, and there are download links for linux on github.

a heavyweight solution is to use syncthing. i use it to keep files synchronized between different computers; it has an android app as well.